Unit 03: Strategic Change Management

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY

PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP (Edexcel BTEC Level 7)

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET 2013/2014 

Task 01

Write a report not more than 3500 words covering the criteria given below by analyzing a strategic change you think your organization should implement.  The strategic change can be either a change within a department, SBU or an entire organization.

1. Discuss different models of strategic change available for an organization and critically analyze them to identify the most appropriate model for the above change considering the current business context (Need to analyse at least 03 models highlighting the differences and similarities)

(LO 1.1 / LO 1.2)

2. Critically discuss the importance of making the above change, asses the factors that are driving the change and asses the resource implications which make the organization not respond to change

(LO 2.1 / LO 2.2 / LO 2.3)

3. Assess the value of using strategic intervention techniques in organisations

(LO 1.3)

4. Develop a change management strategy which will involve stakeholders for the above change, develop systems to involve stakeholders in the planning of change and critically evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change

(LO 3.1 / LO 3.2 / LO 3.3)

5. Create a strategy for managing resistance to change

(LO 3.4)

6. Develop appropriate models for change, plan to implement a model for change and develop appropriate measures to monitor progress

(LO 4.1 / LO 4.2 / LO 4.3)

Introduction

The company which has been selected for this assignment is Hayleys Advantis Limited. Hayleys Advantis Limited is a leading logistics service provider in Sri Lanka with connections to the international logistics, freight forwarding and shipping lines. The service provided from Hayleys Advantis Limited includes integrated logistics services which includes inland transportation of goods, energy support services, other transportation services, international freight management services which includes moving goods through shipping lines and airline transportations, marine services that include container vessels management, and harbour terminal services. The vision of Hayleys Advantis Limited is ‘To be Sri Lanka’s logistics inspiration’. The assignment will discuss on the theoretical and practical aspects of managing organisational change in Hayleys Advantis Limited.

1. Different models of strategic change available for an organization and critically analyse them to identify the most appropriate model

Among many theoretical models of change that can be applied to make changes in the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation, the 8 steps to change by Kotter, Three stages change management model by Kurt Lewis and ADKAR model can be identified as three main models that can be used for managing changes in Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation. The change that has been proposed for the organisation is to change the current ERP system new an updated ERP system where the employees will be provided with new user interfaces to manage their work in offices. Employees who are providing their contribution as manual labour will not have a higher impact from the change as the change will focus on people who are using the computerised ERP system (Hayleys Advantis, 2015).

8 steps to change by Kotter model has steps that have its first three steps which focus on freezing the organisation, second three steps to make the changes happen and then the final step for refreezing the organisation. In the first step, urgency for change is increased. In that people are inspired and motivated support the change by showing the benefits they will receive from changing to the new ERP system. The second step is building the guiding teams where properly qualified employees at the position those will be impacted by the changes. This will include aligning the operational teams and other support teams of the Hayleys Advantis Limited. Third step is creating the vision for the change. In the case of Hayleys Advantis Limited, the vision will be change the ERP system for receiving better operational outcomes and make the business process smoother. Then the fourth step is communicating the vision to the organisation. Fifth step of the model is empowering action. Empowering action includes removing the obstacles for the change and recognises progress. This step will include providing training and basic demonstrations of the new ERP system. 6^th step is creating short term wins. This will be achieving the systems implementation steps (Kotter¸ 2006). Not letting go and make the changes reinforce are the next two steps. In those two, the system will be monitored and support will be provided (Senior and Fleming, 2005).

Kurt Lewis has introduced the model with three steps, unfreeze, change and refreeze. In unfreeze, the change will be thoroughly investigated and understood. The actions that were carried out in the first three steps of Kotter’s model will be performed in the unfreeze phase. The second phase is change phase, in that switching to the new ERP system will be done and the employees will be using the new system instead of the old one. Then the refreeze will be done where stability of the new system will be increased and people will get comfortable with their routine.

The ADKAR model is another change model that can be used to manage change which has a different step of steps than the previous two. In ADKAR model, five activities are carried out. Those include,

1.      Awareness – increasing awareness about the new system and its benefits

2.      Desire – motivating the employees to reach for the changes which will benefits them and make their work easier

3.      Knowledge – providing product knowledge for the employees in the new ERP system

4.      Ability – providing practical training for the employees for the employees of Hayleys Advantis Limited to use the new ERP software that are relevant to them

5.      Reinforcement – making sure that the employees are taking the best use of the systems

When the models are compared, it can be seen that Kotter’s model of change and Kurt Lewis model has similarities of the process even though the steps taken are slightly different. But the ADKAR model has provided a clear and better understanding model which can easily be implemented. As the five phases of the ADKAR model also match the type of the change that needs to be implemented in Hayleys Advantis Limited (Wren, 2008). Therefore a decision can be made to use the ADKAR model as the change model for Hayleys Advantis Limited.

2. Discuss the importance of making the above change, asses the factors that are driving the change and asses the resource implications which make the organization not respond to change

Importance of making the above change

The change that has been proposed includes giving new ERP software systems for the employees of the organisation which are relevant for them to manage their work. This will include updated logistics management systems, management information systems, human resource information systems, and customer relationship management systems etc. using of the systems for the change will have several advantages for the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation.

The ERP systems will give complete visibility in to all parts of the business such as Human resource management, logistics management, purchasing management, operations management and all other business functions of the Hayleys Advantis Limited so that the management will be able to easily monitor the changes and analyse the business requirements. It will help to build more coordination and coherent workflow in the organisation. The ERP systems will be connected to each other and therefore the systems will allow building relationships between the business units of the organisation so that mistakes that happen due to lack of coordination will be reduced (French and Bell, 2001).

Management Information reports can be easily created with the ERP systems and therefore the management of Hayleys Advantis Limited will be able to keep track of the business performance easily and in a convenient way.

Business decision making will be made easier by the ERP systems as they are able to track down the current business flow and forecast the future of the business flow. That information can be used by the management to support the business decisions so that the business can be developed.

The factors that are driving the change

Increasing demand – as one of the popular and highly reputed logistics service provider in the country, the Hayleys Advantis Limited keeps developing the demand for services day by day. Therefore the management and the directors of the organisation have understood that more efficient systems and developed working systems are needed for the employees perform better and match the supply of service to the demand they have. And it also includes developing the business with help of more human workforce.

Performance development – using new ERP systems that are updated with the newest technologies and the more efficient techniques have been proven to increase the organisational performance. As a service provisioning organisation, Hayleys Advantis Limited has a higher requirement of efficient work as efficiency is a key quality in logistics service. Need of more efficiency can also be identified as a driving force for a new ERP system.

Need of higher revenue – higher revenue generation is also a strategic goal of Hayleys Advantis Limited as an organisation. It includes generating more sales, generating more income and finally developing the business as a whole unit. As the ERP systems have the ability of performing these activities directly and indirectly, the organisation has identified the change as an essential factor.

Resource implications which make the organization not respond to change

Human resources – lack of expert and highly skilled human resources is one of the resource implications that have made the Hayleys Advantis Limited reluctant for the change. The employees those working in the departments have been using the old ERP systems for a long time and they have become very familiar with those systems. And the employees do not have hands on experience with the new or complex ERP software package. Due to lack of skilled employees, the Hayleys Advantis Limited has shown low responses for the change.

Physical resources – there are hardware and other physical resources that are also need to have when the new ERP system is implemented in the Hayleys Advantis Limited. This will include new computer systems that are capable of installing the advanced ERP system. Therefore the old computer hardware will not support the new change.

Financial resources – having to purchase new hardware systems, provide training for the employees and also purchase of the ERP software will incur expenses that are out of the normal budget for the year. Therefore the lack of financial resources will also be another factor for the organisation show low responses for the change.

3. The value of using strategic intervention techniques in organisations

Use of the strategic intervention techniques for managing the change process of the Hayleys Advantis Limited can have several benefits and advantages for the organisation itself and for the employees who are working in the organisation.

Team building consensus and conflict – getting the consent of all the employees that are working in the team of the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation and getting consent for the change from all the employees who will be affected from the change will be one of the intervention techniques that can help the changes be more effective. As the change actions have been taken with the consent of the employees, they will be working towards applying the changes to the system on their own.

Contingency theory – use of the contingency theory in the Hayleys Advantis Limited will allow the management of the Hayleys Advantis Limited to use different management styles and strategies to match the background of the business problem throughout the change process (Kotter¸ 2006). This will allow making flexible and more effective decisions throughout the change management process.

Taking proactive actions – taking proactive actions in the organisations such as providing training for the employees the systems are set up, purchasing the hardware requirements beforehand in order to avoid waiting time for processing will be some of the proactive actions that can be taken by the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation. These will reduce the processing time in the change management process it will allow the organisation to make the process faster and more convenient for the employees and also to achieve a higher productivity level at the same time.

4. Develop a change management strategy which will involve stakeholders for the above change, develop systems to involve stakeholders in the planning of change and critically evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change

Develop a change management strategy which will involve stakeholders for the above change

A stakeholder analysis can be conducted to identify how the stakeholders of the project should be managed.

Identify stakeholders –

The stakeholders of the change process at Hayleys Advantis Limited for switching to new ERP system solution will include,

1.      Employees

2.      Supervisors

3.      Middle managers

4.      IT officers of the company

Stakeholder	Responsibilities	Strategy	Strategy explanation
Employees	Adapting according to the new systems, being the primary impacting group of the change process at Hayleys Advantis Limited.	Manage closely	The employees of the Hayleys Advantis Limited will be provided inductions, presentations, meeting, group training sessions and also practical training sessions to adapt to the new systems
Supervisors	Providing supervision for the change activities and making sure that the short term targets are achieved	Keep informed	The supervisors will be provided information about the project schedules, important targets and special deadlines to be met
Trainers	Trainers will train the employees for the new ERP systems and will make sure that employees are able to handle the systems independently	Keep satisfied	The trainers will be given instructions on what should be done and how the training programmes need to be organised.
IT officers	Setting up the new ERP systems and being responsible for procurement of the hardware items those will be needed for the project.	Monitor	Instructions will be given for the IT officers of the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation how the purchases should be made and what are the new ERP systems that will need to be set up in different departments of the organisation.

Develop systems to involve stakeholders

Meetings – meetings will be one of the main methods the management of Hayleys Advantis Limited will need to use as a strategy to get the stakeholders of the business involved for the change management approach. Meeting will include gathering the employees of the Hayleys Advantis Limited and the management of the organisation to share the idea, thoughts and views about the change that is about to be carried out in the organisation. at first the management can provide information on what are the changes that will be made and their impact (Weisbord¸ 2004). And then the employees have the freedom to express their thoughts on the discussed items.

Group facilitation – having employees in group facilitation in the organisation will be another method that can be used to involve the stakeholders for the change management process. With group facilitation, the employees will be allowed to gather as teams and present the problems they will be facing as a result of the change process. This will allow the employees to receive solutions and clarify the issues related to change that is about to take place.

Delegation – delegation of authority is another effective and result oriented method of involving the stakeholders of the Hayleys Advantis Limited. When the stakeholders of the change process such as employees, supervisors, managers, trainers and stakeholders outside the organisation are given authority for tasks and processes of the change process, they will be holding more responsibilities and the stakeholders will be in charge of the changes. This will make the stakeholders learn more about the change process at Hayleys Advantis Limited and take actions on behalf of the organisation (Rothwell, 2005). Therefore using delegation of authority can be seen as an effective method that will get the stakeholders involved in the change process in a better way.

5. Create a strategy for managing resistance to change

Following strategies will be carried out in the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation for managing the employee resistance for the change management process at the organisation.

Objective – reducing and minimising the resistance for changing over to the new ERP system at Hayleys Advantis Limited.

Time frame – within the system transition period (1 month)

Training and education – providing training and providing education for the employees of the organisation is one of the most effective actions that can be taken to reduce resistance. With the educational programmes and training programmes, the employees of the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation will be able to get a better understanding of the change that is about to take place and how the employees of the organisation will be affected from the change. With trainings and education programmes, the employees will be more confident about the new working systems they have to work with and continue the operations (Anderson, 2009).

Taking feedback from the stakeholders – taking feedback from the stakeholders and making changes for the change process and activities related to the transition process will be another method that will help to reduce the resistance of the employees. With that, the employees will be able to express the difficulties they have face in the process and get help from the organisation to reduce the difficulties they face. Taking feedback from the employees will help to mitigate the difficulties and build confidence among the employees which will then help to reduce the resistance for change in the organisation (Smith, 2002).

6. Develop appropriate models for change, plan to implement a model for change and develop appropriate measures to monitor progress

Change model

This part of will focus on applying the selected model of change for the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation, preparing the environment for implementing the change process and then the methods on how to assess the progress of the change process.

The strategic change model that has been selected to use is the ADKAR change management model. The ADKAR model will be included with steps as Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement.

Awareness

In the awareness stage, the change that has been proposed to take place in Hayleys Advantis Limited will be communicated with the middle management, the supervisors and with the employees of the organisation. this will focus on making the employees understand why a change to the ERP system is needed at this time and what benefits they will receive.

Desire

In this part, it is expected to create desire within the employees of Hayleys Advantis Limited and other involved parties for the change. It will include showing the benefits of the changed systems for the employees themselves and how they are able to make their work easier.

Knowledge

This part focuses on providing theoretical knowledge to the employees on how to use the new ERP systems and how they are able to process information and keep the operations up to the required level. Knowledge will be provided to the employees using formal training programmes, coaching, and group discussion and troubleshooting guidance from internal and external parties of the organisation.

Ability

In knowledge, the theoretical knowledge was provided for the employees. Since theoretical knowledge is not sufficient for them to work independently with the new systems. Therefore practical training and hands on experience with the systems is given to the employees using direct involvement of the coaches, monitoring the performance, using expert trainers, and practising the operational activities suing the systems.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement of the changes will be focusing on developing the performance of the employees with the system that was implemented and making sure that the employees are satisfied with the new system and also that they are comfortable with the system.

Implementation model

As the change that has been proposed for the organisation is an internal change that does not require interactions with the outside of the organisation, customers or the suppliers, the change can be implemented using the business process reengineering (BPR) approach. The implementation of the BRP will be done in six main steps. Those are,

1.      Stating the case for action

2.      Identifying the process thoroughly for reengineering (switching to the new ERP system)

3.      Evaluating the factors that support the process

4.      Understanding the current process

5.      New process design

6.      Implementation of the process

Methods of monitoring progress

Goal based evaluation –

Goals related to efficiency of work can be given for the employees in order to compare the performance of the employees with the old systems and with the new system (Smith, 2002). This will allow the management to identify how the performance of the employees has been developed or upgraded after the implementation of new ERP systems.

Employee feedback –

Taking feedback from the employees on how they have found the new ERP system to be helping them for their work. Getting feedback from the employees will be important as employees are the main group which faced the changes and therefore their feedback will provide more relevant feedback for the management to make changes to the systems and also to identify which areas of the system has not supported the employees to maximise their work and performance.

Quality circles –

Quality circles are another approach that can be taken to discuss the progress of the new system within the organisation. The quality circles can be organised with the participation of employees, supervisors and the middle management. In the quality circles, the employees will be allowed to bring up the issues they have been facing with the new system (Smith, 2002). This will be helpful for the organisation to identify how the new system has been performing and what areas are still needed to be developed.

Conclusion

Three models of change that can be used to manage the change the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation were discussed and the differences between the different models of strategic change were identified. After comparing the models of change, the most suitable method of change was identified as the ADKAR model of change for Hayleys Advantis Limited. The importance of making the changes in Hayleys Advantis Limited that includes switching over to the new ERP systems was discussed and resources implications that the organisation has to face have also been identified. The benefits that can be derived by using strategic intervention in the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation have also been discussed. A strategy has been created to reduce the resistance for change in the Hayleys Advantis Limited organisation and models of change have been formed for implementing the change and measuring progress.

References

Anderson, D., (2009), Organization Development: The Process of Leading Organizational            Change, Sage Publications

Daft, R. L. (2001), Organization Theory and Design, Ohio: South-Western College           Publishing

Drucker, P. F. (2001), Management Challenges for the 21st Century. New York: Harpers   Collins

French, W. L. and Bell, C. H., Jr., (2001), Organization Development, (5th ed.) New         Jersey: Prentice Hall

French, W. L.; Bell, C. H., Jr.; and Zawacki, R. A. (2004), Organization Development       and Transformation: Managing Effective Change. Illinois: Irwin.

Hayleys Advantis (2015), about us and our services (online), available from:           www.hayleysadvantis.com [accessed on 7/10/2015]

Kotter, J. P. (2006), Leading Change, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Books

LaClair, J. and Rao, R.(2002), Helping Employees Embrace Change, McKinsey Quarterly

Lawler E., Worley, C., (2006), Built to Change: How to Achieve Sustained            Organizational Effectiveness, John Wiley & Sons

Murphy, R. M. (2000), Strategic Management vs Strategic Leadership: Untying the            Gordian Knot, Published Proceedings, Academy of Administrative Sciences and        Business Conference

Palmer, I., Dunford, R. & Akin, G, (2006), Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives Approach, McGraw-Hill

Paton, R. & McCalman, J., (2000), Change Management: A Guide to Effective     Implementation, Sage

Prigogine, I. (2006), the End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature.        New York: The Free Press

Rothwell, W.J. & Sullivan, R., (2005), Practicing Organization Development: A Guide     for Consultants, Pfeiffer

Senior, B. & Fleming, J., (2005), 6. Organisational Change (2nd Ed), Prentice Hall

Smith, M., (2002), Success Rates for Different Types of Organizational Change, ISPI         January

Weisbord, M.R, (2004), Productive Workplaces Revisited, Jossey-Bass

Wheatley, M. J. (2001), Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a  Chaotic World. California: Berrett- Koehler Publishers

Wheatley, M., Tannenbaum, R., Griffin, P., & Quade, K., (2003), Organization     Development at Work: Conversations on the Values, Applications and Future of      OD, Pfeiffer

Wren, D. & Bedeian, A, (2008), The Evolution of Management Thought (6th Edition) ,      John Wiley & Sons

Zander R. & Zander, B, (2000), the Art of Possibility: Transforming Personal &     Professional Life, Harvard Business School Press  

HND in Health and Social Care - Assignment Health Promotion

Programme	BTEC HND Healthcare and Social Care
Unit Title: Assignment Brief   Health promotion	Level: QCF 5		Date Issued:
Student Name	Student ID	Submission Dates
Unit leader:  Franklin Onukwugha	Internal Verifier Name:     HSC TEAM

                                                                                          

Rules and regulations:

Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work.  Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by the College. Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / isn’t plagiarism.

Coursework Regulations  

1                    You are required to submit your coursework on-line through online e-learning system http://stponline.org.uk. Detailed information about this is available in the student handbook submission

2                    Details of submission procedures and penalty fees can be obtained from Academic Administration or the general student handbook.

3                    Late coursework will be accepted by Academic Admin Office and marked according to the guidelines given in your Student Handbook for this year.

4                    If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one, using a coursework extension request form available from the Academic Admin Office. Do not ask the lecturers responsible for the course - they are not authorised to award an extension. The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick.

5                    General guidelines for submission of coursework:

a)      All work must be word-processed and must be of “good” standard.

b)      Document margins shall not be more than 2.5cm or less than 1.5cm

c)      Font size in the range of 11 to 14 points distributed to including headings and body text. Preferred typeface to be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text.

d)     Any computer files generated such as program code (software), graphic files that form part of the course work must be submitted either online with the documentation.

e)      The copy of the course work submitted may not be returned to you after marking and you are advised to have your personal copy for your reference.

f)    All work completed, including any software constructed may not be used for any purpose other than the purpose of intended study without prior written permission from St Patrick’s International College.

ASSIGNMENT:

INSTRUCTIONS

Read the following carefully and proceed to do the tasks in your assessment. The instructions below apply to all parts of the assignment.

1. You must have read extensively, using diverse sources of information.

2. For each source of information you use in doing this assignment, ensure that you give the source of your information by giving a reference in the text of your assignment, followed by a list of the references you use at the very end of the body of your text. You should use the appropriate referencing system-Harvard referencing system.

3. You should cover all the topics in the assessment requirements below, When doing your presentation, poster and writing your answers.

Background Information for Learning Outcome 1. 

The aim of this assignment is to provide learners with the knowledge and understanding of pertinent issues and factors, which prevent some individuals from accessing health support. You will investigate a range of influences on health and reasons for the varied success of health promotion campaigns and strategies. Moreover, this assignment also requires you to develop your understanding to the role of national and regional strategies and professionals. You will need to develop your understanding around the theories of Health Behaviour, models used in Health Promotion, and government strategies to improve the health of individuals in society. You will have to develop your knowledge and understanding around potential conflicts between local industry, and health promotion campaigns are for example, anti-smoking campaigns and parents employed within the tobacco industry. Your competency level will be assessed on planning a Health Promotion Campaign for a target audience of yours.

On completion of this unit and assignment, you will have a clear understanding of:

1. Understand the socio-economic influences on health (Learning outcome 1)
2.  Understand models of health promotion (Learning outcome 2)
3.  Understand factors which influence health promotion (Learning outcome 3)
4.  Be able to plan a health promotion campaign (Learning outcome 4)

Group work (Formative Assessment)

 This group work requires you to gather baseline information about your local community in order to identify needs, socio-economic factors influencing health, inequalities, barriers to accessing health etc. Community profiling is the art of collecting such baseline information about a community or place of interest. In completing this task, you are required to work as a team. At the end of this task, each group must produce their work in PowerPoint of not more than 12 slides.  A time slot of 15 minutes will be allocated to each group for a short audio-visual presentation covering learning outcomes in LO1 (1.1, 1.2 & 1.3).

Note 1: This is a group activity, each student must participate actively in completing the PowerPoint presentation. From your group, you will be allocated a task for which you must complete as part of own contribution towards the presentation. As an individual, you must produce not more than 2 slides covering the given assessment criteria, and this must be handed over to the group leader for final presentation. You will be required to present your own slides and each member of the group will submit the group PowerPoint (12 slides) individually.

Task 1- Essay

You need to write an essay of approximately 1000 words covering entire LO1 (1.1, 1.2 & 1.3). (Opportunity to achieve M1 & D1). The essay needs to be based on baseline information that you have gathered about your local community in order to identify needs, socio-economic factors influencing health, inequalities, and barriers to accessing health as discussed above.

PART 1:  DELIVERABLES

Learning Outcomes	Assessment requirements
	To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
LO 1. Understand the socioeconomic influences on health	1.1 Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health.
	1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health.
	1.3 Discuss reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare

Task 2- Essay Background Information Having been recently employed by a G.P practice in the role of a smoking cessation officer. You task is to reduce the number of patients registered at the practice who smoke. Using knowledge from the lectures and your reading say why this is an important target for the practice and which model would you use to help smokers quit. Explain what your role would be in this intervention relating to theory and discuss how you could help the patients to become long term non-smokers (LO2.1, 2.2, 2.3) (M1, M3, & D1).  Your essay should not be more than 1,200 words long. DELIVERABLES Learning Outcomes Assessment requirements To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to: LO2 Understand models of health promotion 2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion 2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion 2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living Task 3 – Essay From the following health promotion topics, breastfeeding, tackling Obesity, stopping smoking, increasing regular exercise etc. write an essay covering any subject of your interest. Secondly, produce a health promotion campaign poster, which is appropriate for your target audience, partly covering LO 3.3 and 4.1 (opportunity to meet D2). Your report should not be more than 1,300 words covering the points in LOs 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 and 4.2 relating to your health promotion topic. You must cover the learning outcomes 3 and 4 in this section. (Opportunity to achieve M2, and D3) DELIVERABLES
LO 3. Understand factors which influence health promotion	3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behavior.
	3.2 Discuss the possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry    on health promotion
	3.3 Explain the importance of providing relevant health related information to the public
LO 4. Be able to plan a health promotion campaign	4.1  Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives
	4.2  Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies

NOTE: The total word count for your written piece of work covering LO1, LO2s; LO3s and LO4s is approximately 3500.

Task1, 2 & 3 are to be submitted together as one piece of written coursework through turnitin checking against plagiarism. Your poster should be included in your appendix.

               

Assessment Criteria

Outcomes	Assessment requirements
	To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
LO 1. Understand the socioeconomic influences on health	1.1 Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health.
	1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health.
	1.3 Discuss reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare
LO2 Understand models of health promotion	2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion
	2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion
	2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living
LO 3. Understand factors which influence health promotion	3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour.
	3.2 Discuss the possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion
	3.3 Explain the importance of providing relevant health related information to the public
LO4.Be able to plan a health promotion campaign	4.1  Plan a health promotion campaign to meet specific objectives
	4.2  Explain how the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies

                             

HEALTH PROMOTION

LECTURER'S NAME

STUDENT NAME

                     

Table of Contents

Introduction    ………………………………………………………………………….2

Task 1…………………………………………………………………………………….2  

1.1 Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health……………………….         2

1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health………………………………..................................................................        3

1.3 Discuss reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare        4

2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion        4

2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion   5

2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living  6

3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour            6

3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion   7

3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to the public          8

4.1 Health promotion campaign          8

4.2 How the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies         10

Conclusion      11

References      11

Introduction

The assignment will focus on the health care promotions in the health care communities in the country. The assignment will include three main parts which will elaborate on different aspects of health care promotions. In the first part, the socio economic influences on child obesity in London Borough of Newham will be identified. And then the relevance of government sources in reporting health inequalities and barriers for accessing health care services will be identified. The health models contribution in health promotion will be identified and then the factors that influence on the health care promotions will be identified. Finally a practical health care campaign will be created.

Task 1

1.1 Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health

Socio – economic factors have been described as the socio interactions and economic related factors of a person or a community. The assignment has selected to identify socio – economic factors in the London Borough of Newham that impact on the child obesity. The following factors can be identified as socio – economic factors,

1.         Lack of physical exercises

2.         Consumption of high caloric food

3.         Lack of knowledge on obesity and causes

4.         Sleeping patterns

5.         High consumption of sugar

6.         Food prices

7. Education

8. Income

9. Housing and homelessness

10. Life style choices

11. Economic recession

12. Access to health care facilities

According to JSNA (2015), due to lack of physical exercises has caused the children in Newham to develop symptoms of obesity. Due to this, fat storage in the human body has increased and caused the children in Newham to increase their body fact percentage. This is associated with long studying hours and less sleeping they get to receive as children. Due to heavy work in schools and colleges, the time for a proper sleep has been reduced. Lack of sleep and stress are factors that can cause increased fat storage and then leads to obesity.

Another factor is the food patterns among children. Lots of children like to eat fast food, high caloric food and food with higher amount of salts and sugar. This has triggered the body fat storage among children and has increased the obesity level. Since the fast food and high caloric foods are cheaper than healthy food, children have eaten more unhealthy food that causes higher fat storage in body.

1.2 Assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health

There are several government sources which have designed to analyse and report inequalities in health care community in the country. The Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS) is one the surveys conducted by the NHS UK. The HALS is conducted with the support from local and national health services and from the information gathered with the support of general practitioners. The HALS collects data such as physical health, social care systems, life style behaviours, mental health, physical measures and well-being of the service users in the country. The inequalities in health care services are identified in that (NHS, 2015).

The Acheson report which was headed by Donald Acheson was published in year 1998 with a United Kingdom inquiry. The Acheson report has its full title as Independent Inquiry in to Inequalities in Health Report (Government UK¸ 2015). Like the black report that was published earlier, the Acheson report was intended to identify and analyse the existing health disparities and how those disparities relate to the social class of the community. After the findings of the report were analysed, there were 39 policy suggestions in several areas such as taxation, agriculture and health services to reduce the health care disparities. The findings and suggestions given from the Acheson report were helpful for creating the Green paper and the White paper in year 1998 and 1999 respectively.

1.3 Discuss reasons for barriers to accessing Healthcare

Several factors can be identified as the factors that act as barriers for accessing health care services and receiving health care services for the community members in London Borough of Newham. The barriers include factor such as disabilities, time, income, employment, attitudes, language problems, culture, religion and their mental capacity.

When people have disabilities, they will not be able to go to the health care centres and if they are not able to get special transportation facilities, it will be difficult for the disabled people to receive health care services from a service centre.

People who are involved in working all day long and students who have so much work will be busy during all the time of the day and therefore having less time will be a barrier for them.

Due to language problems, communication with the service providers will not be very effective and therefore language barriers can be a barrier for some of the people.

The private health care services include obesity prevention programmes or programmes for reducing obesity levels which can be costly for a person with an average income. Therefore people or children from families with a lower level of income have not been able to receive services from those service organisations.

Another barrier that can be identified is the attitude and lack of knowledge of the children and their parents about obesity and its consequences (Butler and Gwenda, 2004). People with a lower level of education are not aware of the negative outcomes that can be caused by obesity. And some people do not have a positive attitude towards the health care services as they are unaware of the theories behind health services. Therefore people avoid getting services from health care organisation even when the services are provided free of charge.

Transportation and other infrastructure related problems also act as barriers for accessing health care services for children and their families (Equality rights, 2015). Without special transportation services for disabled people and when proper infrastructures such as lifts are not available for service users, it will act as a barrier for accessing the health care services.

2.1 Analyse the links between government strategies and models of health promotion

As the smoking cessation officer there are many strategies and actions that have been taken by the government to reduce the smoking and prevent people from being addicted to smoking. The strategies that have been taken are related to different health models.

One of the strategies that can be identified is the legislation which as banned smoking in public places. This regulation has been created with the purpose of reducing bad influence on others for smoking (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). This strategy can be related to Caplan & Holland (1990) health model which mentioned that there four perspectives of health approaches as the traditional, humanist, radical humanistic, and radical structural perspectives. The strategies that are related to legislation can be identified as a radical structural perspective which is part of the Caplan & Holland (1990) model.

The legislation to ban public smoking can also be related to the Beattie (1991) health model. According to the model, there are four approaches that can be taken such as health persuasion by professional, legislative actions, personal counselling and community development (NHS¸ 2015). The strategy can be identified as a part of the legislative actions according to the Beattie (1991).

The smokefree health campaign can be described as an approach that is focused on providing health care related information for the community members so that they are able to identify the risks that they are exposed by being a smoker. This strategy can be related to Tannahill and Downie (1996) model of health which describes that there are three spheres of health promotion as health education, health protection and health prevention.

2.2 Explain the role of professionals in meeting government targets for health promotion

The professionals in the health care setting includes health advisers, practice nurses, general practitioners, dentists, midwives, nutritionists, dieticians and other specialist doctors in certain areas. When the government has taken approaches for preventing smoking, targets have been set and the professionals in the health care sector are responsible for working towards achieving those objectives.

The smoking cessation officer in the area is responsible for practising the national smoke prevention programmes in the locality. The officer will be organising the health care campaigns, makes sure that the regulations are followed and people are approached from the health care programmes.

The health advisers and the doctors act as the resource persons for the smoking cessation health care campaigns that are organised and arranged in the community (Lishman¸ 2007). The health care advisers have the knowledge and ability to conduct the health education programmes related to smoking cessation in the area according to the Tannahill and Downie (1996) model of health. Therefore their role will also be important for achieving the objectives.

The health care surveys and professional who are involved in the research programmes also have their responsibilities for conducting the health care surveys, analysing the records of smokers and smoking rates among different communities and form the epidemiology. These contribute to analyse the smoker rates and compare them in order to identify if the objectives have been achieved or not.

The officers in the National Health Service also have their responsibilities to design the health programmes which are related to smoking prevention and allocate funds for the programmes (Payne¸ 2011). Their contribution is also important for the programmes to be successful.

2.3 Discuss the role of routines in promoting healthy living

Promoting healthy living in with regards to smoking cessation can be supported by healthy lifestyles and daily routine activities. For example, the ways of food consumption, sleeping patterns, working hours, methods of spending leisure time and other substance use can be some of the routine activities that can impact on the healthy living of people.

When people eat lots of high caloric foods and food items that are high in sugars and salts as a daily habit, the body fat storage increases and people tend to develop symptoms of obesity. These also because the body store more fat beneath the skin and around the internal organs which can lead to cause heart problems and blood circulation blocks (Fitness blender¸ 2015). Therefore it is important to limit consumption of junk food in order for the body to be healthy.

Engaging in physical activities such as exercises can be identified as another routine activity that can promote healthy living (Reamer, 2006). Exercises help to regulate the blood circulation, decrease the stored fat in body and also to refresh the body which can reduce the risk of heart problems, diabetes, blood pressure etc. it also increase fitness of the body.

When these routine health activities are related to smoking cessation as mentioned in the case study, smoking cessation can be supported by the routine health activities of people that can be promoted in the community. When the people are given motivation to stay from negatively impacting habits such as smoking, the number of smokers will be reduced in the community. With routines such as regular exercises, healthy eating and using other non-harmful methods to spend the leisure time will help the smokers to not get involved in smoking.

3.1 Explain how health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour

There are several health behaviour theories that can be used to describe the health beliefs among people in a community. The health promotion topic of smoking cessation has been selected as the topic for this part of the assignment. Health beliefs can be found among people and communities. According to the health model of behaviour, it has been identified that health beliefs among people are based on central influences that exist for them in relation to health (Barker, 2009). The targets and objectives that a person has will be forming the central influences on that person. For an examples, as people are aware that smoking and the bad impact of smoking, their objectives of being healthy have not become inline to smoking. Therefore smoking has been considered as a practice that impacts negatively on overall health.

The theory of reasoned actions can be identified as another health model. According to the theory, people will follow some of the practices with or without their consent and actual intention for that. For example a person may cease smoking due to understanding the negative impacts (Pamela and David, 2009). The beliefs of health to avoid smoking have been formed due to the reasons such as negative health impacts of smoking which has been proven.

According to the stage of change model, it is described that health practices of people cannot be changed in an instance but with a series of actions. And it is described when a person goes through the changes of certain behaviour; beliefs related to that practice may change along with the stages of change. For example when a person who beliefs smoking is not bad, will go through the stages of change to stop the bad habit and then change his belief towards smoking when he understands the medical base behind it (Butler and Gwenda, 2004).

3.2 Possible effects of potential conflicts with local industry on health promotion

When the possible conflicts that could arise within the local industries and health promotion in the London Borough of Newham and also the other parts of the country are considered, several conflicts can be identified.

The legislative actions such as banning smoking in public, banning the advertisements and promotions of tobacco related products and also preventing young people from buying tobacco related products are very effective methods of limiting the smoking among community. Due to these, thousands of new smokers can be avoided and people who are already smoking can be saved from their bad habit. However, it becomes a conflict with the industries because these promotions can cause the revenue generation of the large tobacco production companies to be reduced. According to the statistics, tobacco companies pay a large amount of money as tax for the government. 8 billion pounds are paid by the cigarette and tobacco companies. The government has spent that money on health care services in the country and other development activities. Therefore losing that money will become a problem for the government to provide free health care services and maintain the infrastructure development of the country (Government UK¸ 2015). Therefore a major conflict within the industries, governments and health care systems are arisen which are interconnected together. Changing of the systems may lead to consequences that will be negatively impacting on health and safety of the communities.

3.3 Importance of providing relevant health related information to the public

Providing health care information for the public can bring many benefits that are related to reducing the risk of disease levels in the community and promote healthy living. One of the benefits is that the information distributed among the people can increase the personal responsibility of people in preventing diseases (Jon¸ 2003). For examples, when ceasing of smoking related information such as how young children are impacted from passive smoke and how non – smokers are impacted from smoking in indirect ways are educated to smokers, they will be aware of the social responsibilities they hold as part of the community and how they should act in a way that their responsibility for a healthier society is covered by them.

Another benefit is that it will help to control communicable diseases. There are many communicable diseases that are being found from time to time such as Ebola, influenza etc. (Payne, 2011). When people are given information on how these different communicable diseases are spread and how to be safe from them, people will be able to take actions for safeguarding themselves and their family members from the communicable diseases. Therefore the people in communities can be made aware about the communicable disease that they are more likely to be attacked from and the instructions on how to avoid those diseases. this will help to reduce a large number of communicable diseases and it will help to save lots of expenses for the health care services in the country.

4.1 Health promotion campaign

Assessment of needs –

The locality that has been selected for the health care campaign is London Borough of Newham and the promotion campaign will have the objective of reducing the number of smokers in the area and also to mainly avoid young people being addicted to smoking and other tobacco related substance use.

Aims and Objectives

-           Reduce the number of smokers in the area with an educational approach

-           Avoid young people from being addicted to smoking

-           Reduce/ prevent pregnant mother’s from smoking

-           Reduce smoking related negative health problems in the community (such as heart diseases, high blood pressure, bronchitis etc.)

-           Increase health education with regards to smoking and negative benefits of smoking

Time scale  

-           3 months

Strategies to be taken in to actions

-           Health education programmes conducted in school, describing and educating the negative impacts of smoking targeting young people in the area

-           Resource persons will be used to educate and conduct health related educational campaigns in the area

-           Pregnant mothers will be provided educational guidance in the maternity clinics on the health impacts of smoking

-           Health care campaign posters and informative leaflets will be distributed among the people to increase the participation for the health care programmes

-           Health clinics will be set up with introduction of the health care programmes such as “smokefree” programme for reducing smoking rate among the community

-           Change4Life programme will be introduced in the community for the people who are smoking and if they like to stop smoking. 

Resources to be used

-           Government regulations and legislative practices

-           Programmes like Chage4Life, SmokeFree

-           Knowledge from resource from health care providers, nurses, doctors, health care advisers, social care workers

-           Places such as schools, colleges, medical clinics, GP offices, counsellors

Evaluation of the campaign

-           Comparing the smoking rate in the area before and after the campaign will give a quantitative measurement on how successful the educational campaign was

-           The participation for the health care campaign can be counted to get an idea of the success of the plan

-           Number of people who have been able to quit smoking with the help of the programmes and educational campaign

4.2 How the health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies

The health promotion strategies such as getting the involvement of the health care professionals for supporting the campaign, using a project time, having specific strategies and focusing on the health care practices of the community when the campaign programmes are designed.

As mentioned in the plan, the health care campaign has been designed by getting the assistance and the help of the health care professionals as the resource persons of the campaign. Therefore the design of the campaign can be identified have the strategic approaches.

And the campaign has provided the objectives of the programme and the time frame that the programme will be operated for. Therefore the health care campaign will be operated according to the time frame and also the strategic tactics that will be used will be designed according to the needs of the objectives. Therefore it can be concluded that the health campaign has the strategic approach.

Conclusion

The socio economic effects of obesity among children in London Borough of Newham have been identified and the government sources of reporting health care inequalities were described. The barriers of accessing health care services were analysed. The links between government strategies and the health care models were identified. The professional roles in achieving the health care goals were identified. The relation of health beliefs to theories of health was identified. A health care campaign was designed to reduce the smoking in London Borough of Newham. And how the health care campaign follows the health care strategies was also identified.

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